Stress
stress occurs when a biological control system detects a failure to control a fitness-critical variable, which may be either internal or external to the organism. Biological control systems typically include both feedback (reactive, compensatory) and feedforward (predictive, anticipatory) components; their interplay accounts for the complex phenomenology of stress in living organisms. The simple and abstract definition we propose applies to animals, plants, and single cells, highlighting connections across levels of organization.1
Footnotes
Del Giudice, Marco, C Loren Buck, Lauren E. Chaby, Brenna M. Gormally, Conor C. Taff, Christopher J. Thawley, Maren N. Vitousek, and Haruka Wada. “What Is Stress? A Systems Perspective.” Integrative and Comparative Biology 58, no. 6 (2018): 1019–32. https://doi.org/10/gjs8mf.˄
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