Geology

Many of the 4400 minerals we know of today have “coevolved” with the biosphere.

Hazen, Robert M. The Story of Earth: The First 4.5 Billion Years, from Stardust to Living Planet. New York: Penguin, 2013.

Cf, Lecture 6, Minerals and the Evolving Earth in

Sutherland, Stuart. “The Great Courses: Introduction to Paleontology.” Course, 2016.

Minerals don not evolve in a biological sense, but they have changed over time with the changes on the changing planet.

4.6 billion years: around 60 minerals within the protostar and a disk of materials. T Tauri, the star cannot yet fuse hydrogen and initiate nuclear fusion.