Oyster

This note is about oysters.

Ecological Roles

Rodriguez, Antonio B., F. Joel Fodrie, Justin T. Ridge, Niels L. Lindquist, Ethan J. Theuerkauf, Sara E. Coleman, Jonathan H. Grabowski, et al. “Oyster Reefs Can Outpace Sea-Level Rise.” Nature Climate Change 4, no. 6 (2014): 493–97. https://doi.org/10/gfvdjb.

Monitoring and Geometrical Description

Approaches:

Photograps, structure from photos, photogrammetry, drones, LIDAR provide data for geometrical description of oyster reefs and for monitoring changes over time.
eDNA

Ridge, Justin T., Alexandra E. DiGiacomo, Antonio B. Rodriguez, Joshua D. Himmelstein, and David W. Johnston. “Comparison of 3D Structural Metrics on Oyster Reefs Using Unoccupied Aircraft Photogrammetry and Terrestrial LiDAR across a Tidal Elevation Gradient.” Remote Sensing in Ecology and Conservation 9, no. 4 (2023): 501–11. https://doi.org/10/g93r9k.

Espriella, Michael C., Vincent Lecours, Edward V. Camp, H. Andrew Lassiter, Benjamin Wilkinson, Peter C. Frederick, and Simon J. Pittman. “Drone Lidar-Derived Surface Complexity Metrics as Indicators of Intertidal Oyster Reef Condition.” Ecological Indicators 150 (2023): 110190. https://doi.org/10/gr4nns.

Restoration

Howie, Alice H., and Melanie J. Bishop. “Contemporary Oyster Reef Restoration: Responding to a Changing World.” Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution 9 (2021): 689915. https://doi.org/10/gs3g8g.

Smith, Rachel S., and Jessica L. Pruett. “Oyster Restoration to Recover Ecosystem Services.” Annual Review of Marine Science 17, no. 2025 (2025): 83–113. https://doi.org/10/g93r9m.

Materials:

Ceramics, including clay
concrete
stone
recycled shells
3D printed materials, including biodegradable

Design Approaches and Considerations

Matus, Ilse Valenzuela, Jorge Lino Alves, Joaquim Góis, Paulo Vaz-Pires, and Augusto Barata da Rocha. “Artificial Reefs through Additive Manufacturing: A Review of Their Design, Purposes and Fabrication Process for Marine Restoration and Management.” Rapid Prototyping Journal 30, no. 11 (2024): 87–122. https://doi.org/10/gtt3s5.

Korniejenko, Kinga, Kacper Oliwa, Szymon Gądek, Piotr Dynowski, Anna Źróbek, and Wei-Ting Lin. “A Review of Additive Manufacturing Techniques in Artificial Reef Construction: Materials, Processes, and Ecological Impact.” Applied Sciences 15, no. 8 (2025): 4216. https://doi.org/10/g93r9w.

Loan, Pham Thi. “Comparison between Two Models of 3D Printed Artificial Coral.” Journal of Materials & Construction 15, no. 01 (2025): 19-Page 26. https://doi.org/10/g93sbg.

Organisations, Projects and Companies

References

Strain, Elisabeth M. A., Rebecca Morris, Ross Coleman, Will Figueira, Peter Steinberg, Emma Johnston, and Melanie Bishop. “Increasing Microhabitat Complexity on Seawalls Can Reduce Fish Predation on Native Oysters.” Ecological Engineering 120 (2018): 637–44. https://doi.org/10/gjjk9q.

Morris, Rebecca L., Donna M. Bilkovic, Maura K. Boswell, David Bushek, Just Cebrian, Joshua Goff, Kelly M. Kibler, et al. “The Application of Oyster Reefs in Shoreline Protection: Are We over-Engineering for an Ecosystem Engineer?” Journal of Applied Ecology 56, no. 7 (2019): 1703–11. https://doi.org/10/gv78ms.

Wellman, Emory H., Christopher J. Baillie, Brandon J. Puckett, Sarah E. Donaher, Stacy N. Trackenberg, and Rachel K. Gittman. “Reef Design and Site Hydrodynamics Mediate Oyster Restoration and Marsh Stabilization Outcomes.” Ecological Applications 32, no. 2 (2022): e2506. https://doi.org/10/gwc54f.