Symbiosis
Definition
Margulis, Lynn, and Dorion Sagan. Slanted Truths: Essays on Gaia, Symbiosis and Evolution. New York: Springer, 1997.
Symbiosis is any type of a close and long-term biological interaction between two different biological organisms, be it mutualistic, commensalistic, or parasitic.
Symbiosis can be obligatory, which means that one or more of the symbionts depend on each other for survival, or facultative (optional), when they can generally live independently.
Key Notions
Symbiosis is interesting for its capacity to rapidly generate innovations.
Margulis, Lynn, and Dorion Sagan. Slanted Truths: Essays on Gaia, Symbiosis and Evolution. New York: Springer, 1997.
Examples
Selim, Sh. M., and Mona S. Zayed. “Microbial Interactions and Plant Growth.” In Plant-Microbe Interactions in Agro-Ecological Perspectives, edited by Dhananjaya Pratap Singh, Harikesh Bahadur Singh, and Ratna Prabha, 1–15. Singapore: Springer, 2017.
Symbiosis and Humans
Symbiosis and Technical Systems
Turken, Nazli, Vincent Cannataro, Avinash Geda, and Ashutosh Dixit. “Nature Inspired Supply Chain Solutions: Definitions, Analogies, and Future Research Directions.” International Journal of Production Research 58, no. 15 (2020): 4689–4715. https://doi.org/10/gpr62t.
References
Corning, Peter A. Holistic Darwinism: Synergy, Cybernetics, and the Bioeconomics of Evolution. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2005.
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